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If you would like to discuss your kidney diagnosis with our trained members of staff ring the free to call number 0800 169 0936.

The NKF Helpline is available Monday to Thursday 08:30 am - 5:00 pm Friday 8.30 am – 12.30 pm on 0800 169 09 36 or email [email protected].

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What is Anaemia?

Anaemia occurs when there are not enough red blood cells or enough haemoglobin to carry oxygen from the lungs to places where it’s needed. Haemoglobin is the iron-bound protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. Vitamins B12 and folate are required to produce healthy red blood cells.

Anaemia can be caused by blood loss, blood destruction or impaired blood production (due to impaired bone marrow function, iron, B12 or folate deficiency). Hence anaemia is quite common.

Why does it happen to people with kidney disease?

In kidney patients, anaemia is commonly caused by impaired red blood cell production. Damaged kidneys are unable to produce enough of the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. When healthy red blood cells cannot be produced in normal amounts then the body does not receive enough oxygen to meet its needs.

Damaged kidney
leads to
Impaired production of erythropoietin
leads to
Reduced number of red blood cells
leads to
anaemia

How do I know if I’m Anaemic?

Common symptoms are loss of energy and shortness of breath. You may also become irritable and frustrated at the difficulty experienced in doing daily tasks. The symptoms of chronic kidney disease - lethargy, mood fluctuations, disturbed sleep patterns and impaired sexual function - may be aggravated. Your doctor can check your haemoglobin level. The normal range is 130-170 grams per litre (g/l) for men and 120-150 g/l for women. These levels are reduced in anaemia, sometimes as low as 40 g/l.

How can Anaemia be treated?

Blood tests should be performed to measure the level of iron in the blood, and also the two vitamins important in the production of red blood cells (vitamin B12 and folic acid). If there is a deficiency of any of these, supplements can be given. Infections may also cause anaemia; this may be temporary if the infection resolves, but some infections which do not go away rapidly may need further treatment (for example recurrent urine infections, or infections around a dialysis catheter). It is also important to detect any blood loss from the bowel, and any indigestion should be reported to the doctor, as well as any change in the stools, either with blood being seen, or blackening of the stool (which can be caused by blood from the stomach, which turns black as it passes through the bowel).

Immediate treatment of anaemia requires blood transfusions. Adding red blood cells to the body’s low stocks gives a better oxygen-carrying capacity and hence improves the anaemia. However, the disadvantages of transfusion limit its usefulness. These include:

• Fluctuating haemoglobin
• Risk of infection
• Formation of antibodies which could complicate a later transplant

Drugs which act like the natural hormone erythropoietin have been developed and these are commonly used in anaemia with renal disease. These drugs are called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (esas), and sometimes (slightly inaccurately) EPO. These agents produce an identical response to the erythropoietin normally produced by the kidneys.

More recently, drugs That stimulate erythropoietin production in the kidneys are available, especially HIF stabilisers. HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) is a protein in the blood that stimulates erythropoietin production and thereby increases the oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood. 

Roxadustat is a HIF stabiliser, recently approved in the UK, for use in patients with advanced CKD who are not on dialysis. They come as a tablet, which therefore provides patients with an oral alternative medicine, particularly for patients who don't want or cannot tolerate esas or are needle-phobic. 

Regular monitoring will alert your doctor to a drop in haemoglobin level which can then be treated by these drugs, without the disadvantages of blood transfusions.

What will these kind of drugs do for me?

By increasing your haemoglobin level, these drugs will correct the symptoms of anaemia. Your energy levels and appetite should improve. You may experience improved heart and sexual functions. These drugs will not cure your kidney disease but they should make you feel much better so that you can enjoy a better quality of life.

Who can benefit?

These drugs can be prescribed for haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and pre-dialysis patients and for those with a failing transplant who are anaemic. Treatment is normally considered when the haemoglobin level is less than 100 g/l, and as used to achieve a haemoglobin level of 100 - 120 g/l (95 - 115 g/l in children under 2 years of age).

How are these drugs given?

Esas (commonly referred to as EPO) are given by injection, usually one, two or three times each week dependent upon the type of drug prescribed and the medical instruction given. They are injected under the skin (subcutaneous route) or into a vein or venous line (intravenous) following dialysis. They usually come in pre-filled syringes ready to inject, but can also come in vials containing either ready-to-inject liquid or a powder needing water to be added before injection. The treatment can be self-administered at home. The drug should be kept in the refrigerator and removed half-an-hour before injection so that it is not too cold. Check the solution before use. If it is discoloured, cloudy or has particles in it, do not use but return it to your supplier for replacement.

Roxadustat on the other hand is a tablet taken by mouth, taken one, two or three times a week depending on the prescription. General advice is not to take it on consecutive days and to be taken at least 1 hour after you have taken your phosphate binders or supplements that contain calcium, iron, magnesium, or aluminium (multivalent cations).

As with any medication, remember to discuss side effects and interaction with your other regular drugs. Also remember to clarify the risk in pregnancy as the current advice is to ensure women use effective contraception if being prescribed Roxadustat.

How much will I need?

Your dose will be calculated according to your weight and adjusted to achieve a steady rise in haemoglobin level. Your doctor should set a target for your personal level, usually 100 -120 g/l. Most patients want to know how their body is responding to treatment. Ask about your haemoglobin levels. Make sure you understand how you will reach your target and how it will be maintained

How quickly will the treatment work?

These drugs will start to work immediately, but it could be a few weeks before your haemoglobin level rises to the point where you begin to feel better. In patients who have started treatment before their haemoglobin level falls below 10g/dl, the symptoms of anaemia should be kept at bay.

Will the treatment affect my dialysis and drug treatment?

With a greater red blood cell concentration, you may need to increase heparin during haemodialysis. Some patients experience a rise in blood pressure which may need medication to lower it. As your appetite returns you will probably want to eat more and a little extra dialysis may be needed. It is wise to stick to your diet to avoid any overload of potassium.

What about iron supplements?

Your body needs enough iron to support the extra red blood cells produced by the treatment. So, if your iron level is low, you will need supplements, either by tablet or by injection.

Will I need more tests?

When you begin taking an erythropoietic agent, your weight, blood pressure and haemoglobin levels will be monitored and the dose adjusted if necessary. You will still need all your usual blood tests.

Are there any side effects?

To minimise the risk of increased blood pressure, which appears in 1 in 5 people, it is important not to neglect your control of salt and fluid intake. The blood pressure should be checked immediately before an injection, which may need to be delayed if the blood pressure is too high. Very rarely, high blood pressure can cause a seizure but careful monitoring should prevent this.

Because the blood is ‘thicker’ with a raised haemoglobin level, a fistula may be at a higher risk of clotting. Anyone who has angina should report any worsening of symptoms immediately to their doctor, though it should be remembered that angina usually becomes less frequent with an improvement in haemoglobin, because there is more oxygen in the blood.

With esas (commonly referred to as EPO), people have experienced flu-like effects shortly after injection and others have reported rashes: these effects are not serious and usually reduce with time. Most people have no ill-effects from taking these drugs. As with any other aspect of your treatment, if you feel unwell tell your doctor immediately.

The recently approved Roxadustat contains lactose, traces or peanut and soya, and an azo colouring agent. So, if you are allergic to any of those then you should discuss with your specialist before taking it. Commonly noted side effects include high blood pressure, increased level of potassium in the blood, fluid retention in the legs, constipation, headache and difficulty sleeping. Less common but more serious side effects to be aware and seek prompt medical attention include, risk of blood clot in your legs, lungs or dialysis fistula, seizures, painful redness of your skin, and increased risk of infections.

Do I need to take the drugs if I am hospitalised?

Usually yes. Tell the doctor or nurse caring for you that you are taking an erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) or an alternative agent.

How long do I need to take these drugs?

Probably for as long as you have impaired kidney function. If you have a successful transplant, your new kidney may produce enough of its own erythropoietin to allow you to stop treatment. The dose may be changed depending on your blood tests.

Are these drugs always prescribed for those who need it?

Historically, some parts of the country had problems in funding treatment. If blood transfusions are offered to treat your anaemia, then you should ask about erythropoietic agents. Guidance to the NHS from the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) on the treatment of anaemia has meant that people with kidney disease receive appropriate treatment, wherever in the country they live. 

Last reviewed January 2026
Next review January 2029

Reviewed by Dr Oshini Shivakumar ‘Specialist Renal Registrar’

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This educational video has been developed and funded by MEDICE UK and is intended for members of the public.

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The National Kidney Federation cannot accept responsibility for information provided. The above is for guidance only. Patients are advised to seek further information from their own doctor.